JarCastingseamless-immutable
Immutable JS data structures which are backwards-compatible with normal Arrays and Objects.
Use them in for loops, pass them to functions expecting vanilla JavaScript data structures, etc.
var array = Immutable(["totally", "immutable", {hammer: "Can’t Touch This"}]);
array[1] = "I'm going to mutate you!"
array[1] // "immutable"
array[2].hammer = "hm, surely I can mutate this nested object..."
array[2].hammer // "Can’t Touch This"
for (var index in array) { console.log(array[index]); }
// "totally"
// "immutable"
// { hammer: 'Can’t Touch This' }
JSON.stringify(array) // '["totally","immutable",{"hammer":"Can’t Touch This"}]'
This level of backwards compatibility requires ECMAScript 5 features like Object.defineProperty and Object.freeze to exist and work correctly, which limits the browsers that can use this library to the ones shown in the test results below. (tl;dr IE9+)
Performance
Whenever you deeply clone large nested objects, it should typically go much faster with Immutable data structures. This is because the library reuses the existing nested objects rather than instantiating new ones.
In the development build, objects are frozen. (Note that Safari is relatively slow to iterate over frozen objects.) The development build also overrides unsupported methods (methods that ordinarily mutate the underlying data structure) to throw helpful exceptions.
The production (minified) build does neither of these, which significantly improves performance.
We generally recommend to use the "development" build that enforces immutability (and this is the default in Node.js). Only switch to the production build when you encounter performance problems. (See #50 for how to do that in Node or using a build tool - essentially do explicitely refer to the production build.)
Intentional Abstraction Leaks
By popular demand, functions, errors, dates, and React components are treated as immutable even though technically they can be mutated. (It turns out that trying to make these immutable leads to more bad things than good.) If you call Immutable() on any of these, be forewarned: they will not actually be immutable!
Add-ons
seamless-immutable is tightly focused on the mechanics of turning existing JavaScript data structures into immutable variants. Additional packages are available to build on this capability and enable additional programming models:
| Library | Description |
|---|---|
| Cursor | Compact Cursor Library built on top of the excellent seamless-immutable. Cursors can be used to manage transitions and manipulations of immutable structures in an application. |
| Mergers | A collection of mergers for use with seamless-immutable. Also includes documentation about custom mergers, with examples, for writing your own. |
API Overview
Immutable() returns a backwards-compatible immutable representation of whatever you pass it, so feel free to pass it absolutely anything that can be serialized as JSON. (As is the case with JSON, objects containing circular references are not allowed. Functions are allowed, unlike in JSON, but they will not be touched.)
Since numbers, strings, undefined, and null are all immutable to begin with, the only unusual things it returns are Immutable Arrays and Immutable Objects. These have the same ES5 methods you’re used to seeing on them, but with these important differences:
- All the methods that would normally mutate the data structures instead throw
ImmutableError. - All the methods that return a relevant value now return an immutable equivalent of that value.
- Attempting to reassign values to their elements (e.g.
foo[5] = bar) will not work. Browsers other than Internet Explorer will throw aTypeErrorif use strict is enabled, and in all other cases it will fail silently. - A few additional methods have been added for convenience.
For example:
Immutable([3, 1, 4]).sort()
// This will throw an ImmutableError, because sort() is a mutating method.
Immutable([1, 2, 3]).concat([10, 9, 8]).sort()
// This will also throw ImmutableError, because an Immutable Array's methods
// (including concat()) are guaranteed to return other immutable values.
[1, 2, 3].concat(Immutable([6, 5, 4])).sort()
// This will succeed, and will yield a sorted mutable array containing
// [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], because a vanilla array's concat() method has
// no knowledge of Immutable.
var obj = Immutable({all: "your base", are: {belong: "to them"}});
Immutable.merge(obj, {are: {belong: "to us"}})
// This will return the following:
// Immutable({all: "your base", are: {belong: "to us"}})
Static or instance syntax
Seamless-immutable supports both static and instance syntaxes:
var Immutable = require("seamless-immutable").static;
var obj = {};
Immutable.setIn(obj, ['key'], data)
var Immutable = require("seamless-immutable");
var obj = {};
obj.setIn(['key'], data)
Although the later is shorter and is the current default, it can lead to collisions and some users may dislike polluting object properties when it comes to debugging. As such the first syntax is recommended, but both are supported.
Immutable.from
If your linter cringes with the use of Immutable without a preceding new (e.g. ESLint's new-cap rule), use Immutable.from:
Immutable.from([1, 2, 3]);
// is functionally the same as calling:
Immutable([1, 2, 3])
Immutable Array
Like a regular Array, but immutable! You can construct these by passing an array to Immutable():
Immutable([1, 2, 3])
// An immutable array containing 1, 2, and 3.
Beyond the usual Array fare, the following methods have been added.
flatMap
var array = Immutable(["here", "we", "go"]);
Immutable.flatMap(array, function(str) {
return [str, str, str];
});
// returns Immutable(["here", "here", "here", "we", "we", "we", "go", "go", "go"])
var array = Immutable(["drop the numbers!", 3, 2, 1, 0, null, undefined]);
Immutable.flatMap(array, function(value) {
if (typeof value === "number") {
return [];
} else {
return value;
}
});
// returns Immutable(["drop the numbers!", null, undefined])
Effectively performs a map over the elements in the array, except that whenever the provided iterator function returns an Array, that Array's elements are each added to the final result.
var array = Immutable([1,2,3]);
array.map(value => [value+2, value+4]);
// returns Immutable([ [ 3, 5 ], [ 4, 6 ], [ 5, 7 ] ])
Immutable.flatMap(array, value => [value+2, value+4]);
// returns Immutable([ 3, 5, 4, 6, 5, 7 ])
asObject
var array = Immutable(["hey", "you"]);
Immutable.asObject(array, function(str) {
return [str, str.toUpperCase()];
});
// returns Immutable({hey: "HEY", you: "YOU"})
Effectively performs a map over the elements in the array, expecting that the iterator function will return an array of two elements - the first representing a key, the other a value. Then returns an Immutable Object constructed of those keys and values.
You can also call .asObject without passing an iterator, in which case it will proceed assuming the Array is already organized as desired.
asMutable
var array = Immutable(["hello", "world"]);
var mutableArray = Immutable.asMutable(array);
mutableArray.push("!!!");
mutableArray // ["hello", "world", "!!!"]
Returns a mutable copy of the array. For a deeply mutable copy, in which any instances of Immutable contained in nested data structures within the array have been converted back to mutable data structures, call Immutable.asMutable(obj, {deep: true}) instead.
isImmutable
var array = Immutable(["hello", "world"]);
var mutableArray = ["hello", "world"];
Immutable.isImmutable(array)
// returns true
Immutable.isImmutable(mutableArray)
// returns false
Returns whether an object is immutable or not.
Additional Methods
In addition, Immutable Arrays also provide member functions for the set, setIn, update, updateIn, and getIn functions (described below).
var array = Immutable(["hello", "world"]);
// Equivalent to Immutable.set(array, 1, "you");
var mutatedArray = array.set(1, "you");
mutatedArray // ["hello", "you"]
Immutable Object
Like a regular Object, but immutable! You can construct these by passing an object to Immutable().
Immutable({foo: "bar"})
// An immutable object containing the key "foo" and the value "bar".
To construct an Immutable Object with a custom prototype, simply specify the prototype in options (while useful for preserving prototypes, please note that custom mutator methods will not work as the object will be immutable):
function Square(length) { this.length = length };
Square.prototype.area = function() { return Math.pow(this.length, 2) };
Immutable(new Square(2), {prototype: Square.prototype}).area();
// An immutable object, with prototype Square,
// containing the key "length" and method `area()` returning 4
Beyond the usual Object fare, the following methods have been added.
Stack overflow protection
Currently you can't construct Immutable from an object with circular references. To protect from ugly stack overflows, we provide a simple protection during development. We stop at a suspiciously deep stack level and show an error message.
If your objects are deep, but not circular, you can increase this level from default 64. For example:
Immutable(deepObject, null, 256);
This check is not performed in the production build.
merge
var obj = Immutable({status: "good", hypothesis: "plausible", errors: 0});
Immutable.merge(obj, {status: "funky", hypothesis: "confirmed"});
// returns Immutable({status: "funky", hypothesis: "confirmed", errors: 0})
var obj = Immutable({status: "bad", errors: 37});
Immutable.merge(obj, [
{status: "funky", errors: 1}, {status: "groovy", errors: 2}, {status: "sweet"}]);
// returns Immutable({status: "sweet", errors: 2})
// because passing an Array is shorthand for
// invoking a separate merge for each object in turn.
Returns an Immutable Object containing the properties and values of both this object and the provided object, prioritizing the provided object's values whenever the same key is present in both objects.
Multiple objects can be provided in an Array in which case more merge invocations will be performed using each provided object in turn.
A third argument can be provided to configure the merge. It should be an object with any of the following fields:
{
deep: true, // perform a deep merge
merger: yourCustomMerger // supply a custom merger
}
You can find examples and documentation about custom mergers here.
replace
var obj1 = Immutable({a: {b: 'test'}, c: 'test'});
var obj2 = Immutable.replace(obj1, {a: {b: 'test'}}, {deep: true});
// returns Immutable({a: {b: 'test'}});
obj1 === obj2
// returns false
obj1.a === obj2.a
// returns true because child .a objects were identical
Returns an Immutable Object containing the properties and values of the second object only. With deep merge, all child objects are checked for equality and the original immutable object is returned when possible.
A second argument can be provided to perform a deep merge: {deep: true}.
set
var obj = Immutable({type: "parrot", subtype: "Norwegian Blue", status: "alive"});
Immutable.set(obj, "status", "dead");
// returns Immutable({type: "parrot", subtype: "Norwegian Blue", status: "dead"})
Returns an Immutable Object with a single property set to the provided value. Basically a more straightforward way of saying
var obj = Immutable({type: "parrot", subtype: "Norwegian Blue", status: "alive"});
Immutable.merge(obj, {status: "dead"});
(and more convenient with non-literal keys unless you have ES6 [computed_property_names]).
An additional argument can be provided to perform a deep compare: {deep: true}.
When called with an Immutable Array, the property parameter is the index to be changed:
var array = Immutable(["hello", "world"]);
var mutatedArray = Immutable.set(array, 1, "you");
mutatedArray // ["hello", "you"]
If the {deep: true} parameter is provided when using an Immutable Array, the object at the provided index will be merged with the provided value using Immutable.merge().
setIn
Like set, but accepts a nested path to the property.
var obj = Immutable({type: {main: "parrot", sub: "Norwegian Blue"}, status: "alive"});
Immutable.setIn(obj, ["type", "sub"], "Norwegian Ridgeback");
// returns Immutable({type: {main: "parrot", sub: "Norwegian Ridgeback"}, status: "alive"})
An additional argument can be provided to perform a deep compare: {deep: true}.
When called with an Immutable Array, at least the first value in the path should be an index. This also works with nested arrays:
var array = Immutable([["one fish", "two fish"], ["red fish", "blue fish"]]);
var mutatedArray = Immutable.setIn(array, [1, 1], "green fish");
mutatedArray // [["one fish", "two fish"], ["red fish", "green fish"]]
getIn
Returns the value at the given path. A default value can be provided as a second argument.
var obj = Immutable({type: {main: "parrot", subtype: "Norwegian Blue"}, status: "alive"});
Immutable.getIn(obj, ["type", "subtype"]);
// returns "Norwegian Blue"
Immutable.getIn(obj, ["type", "class"], "Aves");
// returns "Aves"
update
Returns an Immutable Object with a single property updated using the provided updater function.
function inc (x) { return x + 1 }
var obj = Immutable({foo: 1});
Immutable.update(obj, "foo", inc);
// returns Immutable({foo: 2})
All additional arguments will be passed to the updater function.
function add (x, y) { return x + y }
var obj = Immutable({foo: 1});
Immutable.update(obj, "foo", add, 10);
// returns Immutable({foo: 11})
updateIn
Like update, but accepts a nested path to the property.
function add (x, y) { return x + y }
var obj = Immutable({foo: {bar: 1}});
Immutable.updateIn(obj, ["foo", "bar"], add, 10);
// returns Immutable({foo: {bar: 11}})
without
var obj = Immutable({the: "forests", will: "echo", with: "laughter"});
Immutable.without(obj, "with");
// returns Immutable({the: "forests", will: "echo"})
var obj = Immutable({the: "forests", will: "echo", with: "laughter"});
Immutable.without(obj, ["will", "with"]);
// returns Immutable({the: "forests"})
var obj = Immutable({the: "forests", will: "echo", with: "laughter"});
Immutable.without(obj, "will", "with");
// returns Immutable({the: "forests"})
var obj = Immutable({the: "forests", will: "echo", with: "laughter"});
Immutable.without(obj, (value, key) => key === "the" || value === "echo");
// returns Immutable({with: "laughter"})
Returns an Immutable Object excluding the given keys or keys/values satisfying the given predicate from the existing object.
Multiple keys can be provided, either in an Array or as extra arguments.
asMutable
var obj = Immutable({when: "the", levee: "breaks"});
var mutableObject = Immutable.asMutable(obj);
mutableObject.have = "no place to go";
mutableObject // {when: "the", levee: "breaks", have: "no place to go"}
Returns a mutable copy of the object. For a deeply mutable copy, in which any instances of Immutable contained in nested data structures within the object have been converted back to mutable data structures, call Immutable.asMutable(obj, {deep: true}) instead.
Releases
7.1.4
Fixed bug with custom mergers treating all non-truthy values as undefined (#244).
7.1.3
Treat Blob instances as immutable. Use Array.isArray over instanceof.
7.1.2
Treat Error instances as immutable.
7.1.1
Fix .npmignore
7.1.0
Add getIn and assumption that Promises are immutable.
7.0.0
Add Immutable.static as the preferred API. Default to development build in webpack.
6.3.0
Adds optional deep compare for .set, .setIn and .replace
6.2.0
Adds static alternatives to methods, e.g. Immutable.setIn
6.1.4
Fixes bug with deep merge() on an array argument.
6.1.3
Fixes bug with setting a new object on an existing leaf array.
6.1.2
Fixes bug where on some systems arrays are treated as plain objects.
6.1.1
without now handles numeric keys the same way as string keys.
6.1.0
Alias Immutable.from() to Immutable() for linters.
6.0.1
React components are now considered immutable.
6.0.0
Add cycle detection.
5.2.0
Add update and updateIn.
5.1.1
Immutable(Object.create(null)) now works as expected.
5.1.0
Add predicate support to without()
5.0.1
Fix missing dev/prod builds for 5.0.0
5.0.0
In development build, freeze Dates and ban mutating methods. (Note: dev and prod builds were mistakenly not generated for this, so to get this functionality in those builds, use 5.0.1)
4.1.1
Make setIn more null safe.
4.1.0
Adds set and setIn
4.0.1
Now when you require("seamless-immutable"), you get the development build by default.
4.0.0
main now points to src/seamless-immutable.js so you can more easily build with envify yourself.
3.0.0
Add support for optional prototyping.
2.4.2
Calling .asMutable({deep: true}) on an Immutable data structure with a nested Date no longer throws an exception.
2.4.1
Arrays with nonstandard prototypes no longer throw exceptions when passed to Immutable.
2.4.0
Custom mergers now check for reference equality and abort early if there is no more work needed, allowing improved performance.
2.3.2
Fixes a bug where indices passed into iterators for flatMap and asObject were strings instead of numbers.
2.3.1
Fixes an IE and Firefox bug related to cloning Dates while preserving their prototypes.
2.3.0
Dates now retain their prototypes, the same way Arrays do.
2.2.0
Adds a minified production build with no freezing or defensive unsupported methods, for a ~2x performance boost.
2.1.0
Adds optional merger function to #merge.
2.0.2
Bugfix: #merge with {deep: true} no longer attempts (unsuccessfully) to deeply merge arrays as though they were regular objects.
2.0.1
Minor documentation typo fix.
2.0.0
Breaking API change: #merge now takes exactly one or exactly two arguments. The second is optional and allows specifying deep: true.
1.3.0
Don't bother returning a new value from #merge if no changes would result.
1.2.0
Make error message for invalid #asObject less fancy, resulting in a performance improvement.
1.1.0
Adds #asMutable
1.0.0
Initial stable release
Development
Run npm install -g grunt-cli, npm install and then grunt to build and test it.